JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY Vol.50, No.3

Preface

  • Handing Down the Surgical Skills G. Matsumiya
    Handing Down the Surgical Skills
    Goro Matsumiya

    2017年から2019年発行の本学会誌には,U-40企画「今更聞けない心臓血管外科手術手技」として,それぞれの施設での基本的心臓血管手術手技に関するアンケート調査が掲載されていた.開胸,閉胸,人工心肺の糸掛け,カニューラの選択,テーピングなどの基本的手技でさえも,細かい点まで含めるとさまざまな方法があって興味深かった.手技の標準化という点では好ましくないという指摘もあるかもしれないし,また好き嫌いを押し付けているだけという解釈もあるだろう.よく理由はわからないが,仕方なしにその方法に従っているという若手の先生も多いかもしれない.しかし,少なくとも各施設内ではやり方を統一しておいたほうが,チームとしての効率,医療安全といった視点からは好ましいと思われる.また,「学ぶ」という言葉は,「まねぶ(学ぶ)」,さらに戻すと,「真似る」と同じ語源だそうである.すなわち,何かを習得するのは,模範となるべきものを見つけだし,これを正確に模倣することから始まるといえる.
     私自身,日本,海外を含めてさまざまなmentorの手術に立ち会い,人工心肺への送脱血管の糸掛け,カニューラの選択,逆行性冠灌流カテーテルや左室ベントの挿入方法など,それぞれの術者のこだわりがあるさまざまな方法を経験した.それぞれ,その手技を選択するようになった理由や歴史を語ってくれた先生も多く,それは今でもよく覚えていてそれぞれのやり方にはそれぞれの理由があることも学んだ.特にその根拠になっているのは,いわゆる痛い目に遭った経験ということが多く,それを未然に防ぐという意味でたいへん貴重なお話をきかせてもらったと今でも感謝していることが多い.
     そのmentorの手術で人工心肺にのせたり,さらに主要な手術手技をやらせてもらったりするときは,その先生のやるとおりに真似て進行することが肝要であることも経験した.当時の私は経験が浅かったので,とにかくmentorの一挙手一投足をよく観察して覚えてそのままやるようにしたが,他の施設で少し経験してから移ってきた同僚がそうしなかったために,mentorの機嫌が悪くなったり,次からやらせてもらえなくなったりすることをよくみてきた.若手の先生からすると,そんな手技は必要ないのではとか,自分の習ってきた方法のほうが簡単とか思っているかもしれないが,それぞれの術者にはその方法をとるようになった歴史があり,自分の目の前で特に自分のこだわっているポイントでそれ以外の方法がとられることは許容しがたいという気持ちは術者をやるようになってからよく理解できるようになった.
     そういった経験から,私も自分のこだわっている手技の背景にはこれはこういう理由があってこうしているというのはなるべく説明するようにしている.しかし,すべての手技に根拠があるわけではなく,率直に言って必ずしもどの方法が正しいとは言えないこともある.私はそういった部分については,茶道や華道の流派と一緒なので,まずは手順を丸ごと覚えるようにと指導しているが,速やかにそれを取り入れて完璧にこなす人もいれば,いつまでも覚えようとせず,自分のやり方に固執する人もいる.
     まずは,先人から学ぶ,歴史から学ぶ.という姿勢が大切で,その上に自らの独創が生み出される.「模倣なくして,創造なし」である.私は,「さまざまな経験をして,それぞれの施設でのやり方を学び,最終的に自分で責任をもって手術をするようになったときには,自分が最も良いと信じる方法でやればよい.それは今の私がやっている方法と違ってももちろん構わない.」とよく医局員に話している.
     自分自身の方法も時代とともに変わってきており,特に年々,安全性という点により大きな比重をおいて方法をmodifyしてきた.特にこだわりのない部分はスピードや経済性を優先することが多いが,少し間違えると大きな合併症につながったり,再手術になる可能性があるといった手技では,時間をかけても細部にこだわって実施するように指導している.その根拠となったのはやはり自分で経験したさまざまな合併症であったり,学会やその後の飲み会で会ったいろいろな先生から聞いた「この前,こんな恐ろしい目に遭った」といった話である.対面式の学会が開催できないここ数年はそういった話ができないことは本当に残念である.
     わが国の物づくりの現場では,昔ながらの徒弟制度みたいなものが若い人にとって魅力的に映らないことで後継者不足が深刻という話があるが,いまの師匠となる人たちが従来の徒弟制度のなかで学んできた,「見て覚える」「盗んで覚える」ということ以外に,教え方がわからないということも大きいという.われわれの手術手技の伝承はまさに日本の物づくりと技能の形成過程に似たものである.しかし,昔ながらの徒弟制度では許容されたかもしれない,職人は教え下手であっても仕方がないということではなく,特に手技の背景やその理を教えることが最も肝要であろう.若手の立場から「今更聞けない手術手技」であってはならず,繰り返しその方法をとるようになった理由や経験を話すことが,よい外科医の育成につながるということを肝に銘じたい.

Originals

  • The Impact of Postoperative Thrombocytopenia in a Stentless Bioprosthetic Valve(SOLO SMART) Y. Kameda et al.…143
    The Impact of Postoperative Thrombocytopenia in a Stentless Bioprosthetic Valve(SOLO SMART)
    Yuika Kameda* Masanori Katoh* Bon Inoue*

    (Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, SUBARU Health Insurance Society Ota Memorial Hospital*, Ota, Japan)

    Background:SOLO SMART(SOLO)was introduced in Japan as a new stentless tissue valve in April 2016. Postoperative thrombocytopenia has been reported to occurs after aortic valve replacement(AVR)using SOLO. Methods:The aim of our study was to evaluate the difference in incidence and clinical impact of postoperative thrombocytopenia in patients receiving AVR between SOLO group and stented bioprosthetic valve(Stented)group. We evaluated 67 patients who underwent AVR with bioprosthetic valve for AS between April 2017 and March 2020. Severe thrombocytopenia was defined as the lowest postoperative platelet count of <5.0×104/μl. We divided patients with AVR into SOLO and Stented groups, and compared the surgical results, prevalence of thrombocytopenia, and changes in platelet count. Results:Postoperative aortic valve area(AVA)and peak pressure gradient(P-PG)were significantly improved in the SOLO group. The lowest postoperative platelet count was significantly lower in the SOLO group. Severe thrombocytopenia was observed in 75% of the patients in the SOLO group and 7% of those in the Stented group. As a factor that causes postoperative thrombocytopenia, use of SOLO, age at surgery, and body surface area(BSA), showed significant differences(p<0.05). Although the platelet count had the lowest value on the 2nd to 4th day after the operation, then recovered spontaneously, and at 1 month after the operation, the platelet level improved to normal values. However, in the Stented group, the platelet level recovered to the preoperative platelet level 1week after operation, but in the SOLO group, the preoperative platelet level didn’t recover even after 3 months, and as a result, it suggest that platelet recovery was prolonged in the SOLO group. Conclusion:Use of SOLO was an independent risk factor of severe thrombocytopenia after AVR. Although no clinically serious hemorrhagic complication was observed, use of SOLO may prolong postoperative platelet recovery. In consideration of the risk of thrombocytopenia, it was considered to be advantageous to select the SOLO for SAVR in cases with a narrow annulus diameter.

     

    Jpn. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 50:143-149(2021)

    Keywords:SOLO SMART bioprosthesis;stentless bioprosthesis;thrombocytopenia;aortic valve replacement;aortic stenosis


  • Examination of Treatment for Complications of the Downstream Aorta after a Frozen Elephant Trunk Procedure during the Follow-up Period H. Midorikawa et al.…150
    Examination of Treatment for Complications of the Downstream Aorta after a Frozen Elephant Trunk Procedure during the Follow-up Period
    Hirofumi Midorikawa* Kyouhei Ueno* Gaku Takinami*
    Rie Kageyama* Ken Niitsuma* Megumu Kanno*

    (Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Southern Tohoku General Hospital*, Koriyama, Japan)

    Objective:We examined complications of the downstream aorta after the frozen elephant trunk(FET)procedure. Methods:Complications were diagnosed in eight patients:true aneurysm alone in five patients;type A aortic dissection in two patients;and both true aneurysm and type B aortic dissection in one patient. Results:Elective surgery was performed in seven patients. Five patients received a Matsui-Kitamura stent graft(MKS)and three patients received a J Graft Open Stent Graft(JGOSG). The FET procedure was successfully applied in all cases. Over the long term, dilatation of the descending thoracic aorta(dTA)alone was identified in two patients and dilatation of the dTA and migration was identified in three patients using the MKS. Complications of graft kinking and migration were seen in one patient and distal stent graft-induced new entry in two patients using the JGOSG. Thoracic aortic stent graft repair was successfully performed for complications in seven patients. Conclusion:For the improvement of clinical results, FET devices need to offer flexibility and appropriate radial force.

     

    Jpn. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 50:150-154(2021)

    Keywords:Frozen elephant trunk;migration;distal stent graft-induced new entry


Case Reports

  • [Acquired Cardiovascular Surgery]
  • Bridge to Left Ventricular Reconstruction and Mitral Valve Replacement with Pre- and Post-Operative IMPELLA 5.0 Support for Ischemic Cardiomyopathy and Functional Mitral Regurgitation S. Yoshida et al.…155
    Bridge to Left Ventricular Reconstruction and Mitral Valve Replacement with Pre- and Post-Operative IMPELLA 5.0 Support for Ischemic Cardiomyopathy and Functional Mitral Regurgitation
    Soshi Yoshida* Hideki Tsubota* Tadaaki Koyama*

    (Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital*, Kobe, Japan)

    A 76-year-old man with ischemic cardiomyopathy and functional severe mitral regurgitation, suffered from profound dyspnea. He displayed a very low ejection fraction(12%)and was diagnosed with cardiogenic shock. Initially, we inserted the IMPELLA 5.0 heart pump into the patient’s left ventricle and began an optimal medical therapy regimen. Once hemodynamic stability was acquired, we performed left ventricular reconstruction, mitral valve replacement, and tricuspid annuloplasty. The patient was supported postoperatively with IMPELLA 5.0 and venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The patient was discharged on POD100. Overall, IMPELLA 5.0 may be a useful tool for perioperative support against cardiogenic shock.

     

    Jpn. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 50:155-159(2021)

    Keywords:IMPELLA;ischemic cardiomyopathy;left ventricular reconstruction;functional mitral regurgitation


  • A Case of Cardiac Lymphatic Malformation Found Incidentally R. Yamamoto et al.…160
    A Case of Cardiac Lymphatic Malformation Found Incidentally
    Rintaro Yamamoto* Kanako Takai** Kosei Hasegawa*
    Takashi Yamauchi*

    (Department of Cardiovascular Surgery*, and Department of Critical Care Medicine**, Higashiosaka City Medical Center, Higashi-Osaka, Japan)

    We herein report an extremely rare cardiac tumor of lymphatic malformation in 77-year-old man. The computed tomography(CT)demonstrated a mass from the lateral side of the left atrium to the lateral and posterior wall of the left ventricle among intrapericardial adipose tissue involving the left coronary artery. We performed partial resection of the tumor for definitive diagnosis under cardiopulmonary bypass. The histological finding was cardiac lymphatic malformation and was considered to be benign. There was no evidence of the growth of any cardiac tumor during the one-year follow up.

     

    Jpn. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 50:160-164(2021)

    Keywords:cardiac lymphatic malformation;cardiac benign tumor;diagnostic treatment


  • Left Atrial Appendage Rupture due to Blunt Chest Trauma during a Motor Vehicle Accident ―a Rare Case Report― R. Nomura et al.…165
    Left Atrial Appendage Rupture due to Blunt Chest Trauma during a Motor Vehicle Accident―a Rare Case Report―
    Ryota Nomura* Shinji Kawaguchi* Shinnosuke Goto*
    Yasuhiko Terai* Muneaki Yamada* Yuta Miyano*
    Daisuke Uchiyama* Masanao Nakai* Fumio Yamazaki*

    (Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shizuoka City Shizuoka Hospital*, Shizuoka, Japan)

    Blunt traumatic rupture of the heart carries a high mortality rate. Anatomical injuries have included the atrium, appendage and ventricle but injury to the left appendage has been reported very rarely. We present the case of a 71-year-old female who was a driver in a motor collision with major front-end damage where air bags were deployed. After being intubated and receiving pericardiocentesis for cardiac tamponade at an advanced critical care and emergency medical center, the patient was taken to our hospital and emergently to the operating room for exploration. There was brisk bleeding coming from a 2cm laceration on the left atrial appendage. The injury was repaired using 4-0 polypropylene felt pledget-supported horizontal mattress sutures on the beating heart with the assistance of cardiopulmonary bypass. The present report describes this patient and our findings from a literature review.

     

    Jpn. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 50:165-169(2021)

    Keywords:blunt cardiac injury;motor vehicle accident;atrial appendage rupture


  • Aortic Root Replacement 42 Years after Aortic Valve Replacement with the Bjo¨rk-Shiley Spherical Valve in a Patient with an Aortic Root Aneurysm H. Takaki et al.…170
    Aortic Root Replacement 42 Years after Aortic Valve Replacement with the Bjo¨rk-Shiley Spherical Valve in a Patient with an Aortic Root Aneurysm
    Hidenobu Takaki* Kenichi Hashizume* Mitsuharu Mori*
    Masatoshi Ohno* Tomohiko Nakagawa* Takuya Yasuda*

    (Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital*, Utsunomiya, Japan)

    Herein, we present a case of aortic root replacement 42 years after aortic valve replacement(AVR)with the Bjo¨rk-Shiley Spherical(BSS)valve in a patient with an aortic root aneurysm. The patient was a 67-year-old man who had undergone AVR with BSS and aortic root enlargement for the treatment of infective endocarditis and aortic insufficiency at 25 years of age. He underwent aortic root replacement for an enlarged aortic root(73mm). Under general anesthesia, median re-sternotomy was performed, and the BSS valve was removed. The valve functioned well with no pannus or thrombus. We performed an aortic root replacement using a composite graft consisting of a 24-mm mechanical valve and 30-mm artificial graft. We experienced a rare case of long-term durability of the BSS valve, which functioned well for 42 years.

     

    Jpn. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 50:170-173(2021)

    Keywords:Bjo¨rk-Shiley valve;reoperative valve replacement;aortic root replacement;long-term durability


  • Epicardial Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia by Re-median Sternotomy in a Patient with Double Mechanical Heart Valves M. Suzuki et al.…174
    Epicardial Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia by Re-median Sternotomy in a Patient with Double Mechanical Heart Valves
    Masato Suzuki* Yohei Ohkawa* Hideo Yokoyama*
    Toshiro Ito* Kiyotaka Morimoto* Shunsuke Ohori*

    (Cardiovascular Surgery, Hokkaido Ohno Memorial Hospital*, Sapporo, Japan)

    The patient is a 39-year-old-man who had rheumatic heart disease and had undergone mitral and aortic valve replacements with mechanical St. Jude prostheses as well as tricuspid valve repair and a MAZE procedure 17 years previously. He was admitted with ventricular tachycardia(VT)and an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator(ICD)was implanted. Four months later, he was admitted again with VT, and attempts to manage the VT with drugs were not successful. We performed electro-anatomical mapping and ablation for VT by re-median sternotomy. His postoperative course was uneventful. At 15 months after surgery, no recurrence of VT was recognized.

     

    Jpn. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 50:174-177(2021)

    Keywords:ventricular tachycardia;epicardial ablation;mechanical valve;re-median sternotomy

    現在,心室性不整脈に対し多くの施設で高周波電流を用いたカテーテルアブレーションが行われ,アブレーション技術の進歩とともにその成功率は年々あがっている.しかし内科医単独での治療が困難で,外科医の協力を要する特殊な状況もありうる.今回われわれは,機械弁による二弁置換後のため経皮的に左室へアクセスすることが困難な心室頻拍に対し,再胸骨正中切開下に心外膜アブレーションを施行した症例を経験したので報告する.
     症例:39歳,男性.
     主訴:特になし.
     既往歴:22歳時,心原性脳塞栓症を契機にリウマチ性弁膜症と診断され,大動脈弁置換術(23mm SJM),僧帽弁置換術(27mm SJM),三尖弁形成術(30mm Cosgrove ring),MAZE手術を施行された.周術期心筋梗塞を合併したものの,以後は安定し,近医にて通院フォローされていた.
     現病歴:意識消失を主訴に近医に救急搬送され,心室頻拍(VT)を認めたため電気的除細動を施行後,当院へ転送された.薬物治療の開始(カルベジロール2.5mg/日,アミオダロン100mg/日)および植え込み型除細動器(ICD)を装着し,自宅退院した.4カ月後にICD作動を認め,当院入院にて薬物治療を強化(カルベジロール5mg/日,アミオダロン200mg/日)のうえ,自宅退院した.その2カ月後,ふたたびICD作動し,当院に救急搬送された.自宅から当院に救急搬送されるまでの間に,計10回のICD作動(除細動のみ,すべて適切作動で成功)を認めた.
     入院時現症:意識清明.身長 179cm,体重 68kg,血圧 120/60mmHg,脈拍 100/分・整.
     入院時血液検査所見:WBC 9,000/μl,Hb 12.7g/dl,PLT 3.36×105/μl,LDH 522U/L,CPK 112U/L,PT-INR 1.66,NT-proBNP 295pg/ml.  胸部レントゲン(仰臥位):肺うっ血所見なし.
     心電図(当院搬送後の初回VT出現時):心拍数 184/分,心室頻拍(Fig.1).その後出現したVTの心電図波形はこの1種類のみであった.いわゆる偽デルタ波を伴い,Maximum deflection indexは0.632で,心外膜起源を示唆する所見であった.
     心エコー:後下壁akinesis菲薄化を伴う,側壁severe hypokinesis,左室拡張末期径 64mm,左室収縮末期径 49mm,左室駆出率 46%,機械弁(大動脈弁および僧帽弁)の解放ならびに閉鎖は良好,TR trivial.
     冠動脈造影(ICD植え込み前):有意狭窄なし.
     ガドリニウム造影MRI(ICD植え込み前):左室後下壁から側壁の外膜側に遅延造影像陽性,同部位に瘢痕化を認めた.
     FDG-PET/CT(ICD植え込み前):炎症性集積を認めなかった.MRI,FDG-PET/CT所見などから陳旧性心筋梗塞と診断した.
     入院後経過:当院到着後もVTのコントロールは不良で,薬物治療(ランジオロール持続静注5μg/kg/分,ニフェカラント持続静注0.1mg/kg/時にてQTc 0.5~0.55秒)では抑制できず,入院から6日後より鎮静し,人工呼吸器下での管理とした.機械弁による大動脈弁および僧帽弁置換術後にて,左室への経皮的アクセスが困難であり,開胸下でのアブレーション治療を行う方針となった.開胸下の心外膜マッピングは,カテーテル下の心内膜マッピングとは異なり,方法論が確立しているものではないが,開胸下にVTを誘発し心外膜電位を記録し,コンピュータ上にVTの興奮伝播を3Dマッピングする方針とした.手術は鎮静から3日後に行った.鎮静後はVTの出現を認めなかった.
     手術:ハイブリッド手術室にて,まず手術台に3Dマッピング用のロケーションパッドを固定し,3DマッピングシステムのCARTO 3システム(Biosense Webster)にてマッピングを行った.再胸骨正中切開し,可及的に心臓周囲の●離後,右大腿動静脈送脱血で人工心肺を開始した.その後,心臓裏側の●離を追加し,心室周囲をすべて●離した.左室心尖部より8Frシースを留置し,左室内腔よりマッピングおよびアブレーションを行う際のアプローチ経路とした.右大腿静脈から電極カテーテルを挿入し,右室内に進めた.アブレーションカテーテル(Navistar Themocool ST/SF, Biosense Webster)を用い,洞調律下に心外膜側と心内膜側において電位波高のマッピングを行いvoltage mapを作成し,心内膜側は正常心筋であり,心外膜側の後側壁に広範な低電位部位を同定した(Fig.2A, B).右室カテーテルよりVT誘発を試みたが3連期外刺激まで行うも誘発されず,左室のアブレーションカテーテルでも誘発不能であった.イソプロテレノール負荷を行い,誘発を繰り返すと,200bpm程度のVTが出現した.開胸時における12誘導心電図でのVT波形の胸部誘導は,閉胸した状態の波形から変化する可能性があることを考慮すべきであるが,過去に確認された波形とほぼ一致しており,臨床的VTと考えた.VT中の血行動態は人工心肺により維持された.VT中にリング状カテーテル(LASSO, Biosense Webster)を用いて心室表面から直接電位を記録し,activation mapを取得,後側壁心尖部から基部方向に伝播する緩徐伝導路を同定し,8の字型リエントリー回路と推定された(Fig.2C白線部).緩徐伝導路付近のカテーテル操作でVTが誘発され,拡張期電位が認められることから,そのまま高周波アブレーションを行うと9秒程度でVTは停止し,同部位が必須興奮伝導路と考えられた.周囲に焼灼を追加し,焼灼巣を目印として,梗塞部位の周囲(境界域)へクライオプローブによる凍結凝固を-60℃,2分間ずつ追加した(Fig.2C黄線部).凍結凝固後に再度誘発を試みたが,非持続性心室頻拍まででVTおよびVFともに誘発不能となっていることを確認し,終了した.CARTO 3システムで使用できるマッピングカテーテルは,開胸下心外膜側におけるマッピングの場合,カテーテル電極のインピーダンスによる位置補正ができないため,磁気センサー付きのアブレーション用カテーテルと,一部のリング状カテーテルのみである.したがってVT中の効率的なマッピングのため,多電極を有するリング状カテーテルを使用した.術野もできるだけ非磁性体の器具を用いて,カテーテル位置の精度を保つように努めた.また,voltage map作成の際は,開心術後のため癒着瘢痕組織がtarget領域の周辺にも存在し,電位が拾いにくい部分もあることを考慮し,voltage mapのcolor thresholdをさまざまに設定して低電位領域を検討した.体外循環時間は5時間25分,手術時間は9時間4分であった.
    術後経過:第1病日に人工呼吸器を離脱した.術後は洞調律を維持し,循環動態は良好であった.第27病日に施行したエルゴメーター負荷心電図で,心室性期外収縮3個を認めたが,心室頻拍を認めなかった.第28病日に自宅退院した.術後9カ月でアミオダロンは中止し,現在術後15カ月が経過したが,VTは認めていない.
    考   察
     心室で発生する不整脈は心室細動(VF),心室頻拍(VT)に大別され,どちらも重篤な症状をきたし突然死となる不整脈としてその診断,治療は臨床的に重要である.VTによる心臓突然死を予防するにはICDが有用である1)が,ICDは不整脈そのものを治療してVTの出現を防止するわけではなく,ICD植え込み後もVTが発生する可能性は依然として変わらない.頻回にVTが発生するとさらに不整脈が発生しやすい状態となり,心機能にも悪影響をもたらし2),VT自体に対する治療が必要となる.
     虚血性心疾患に合併するVTの多くは,心筋虚血により線維化した瘢痕組織と傷害心筋,そして周囲に存在するダメージを受けていない正常心筋を含めた領域において生じるマクロリエントリー回路がその発生機序とされる.1993年Stevensonらによって陳旧性心筋梗塞由来の心室頻拍回路モデルが提唱された3).これによると,心筋梗塞によって形成された瘢痕組織が刺激興奮伝達の障壁の役割を担い,瘢痕組織間に存在する障害心筋が緩徐伝導領域として機能,そして瘢痕組織の周囲に存在する正常心筋が,緩徐伝導領域の出口(exit)から抜けた興奮を緩徐伝導領域の入口へ伝える際の伝導路としての役割(outer loop)を果たすことで,8の字型リエントリー回路が形成される.モデルに存在する緩徐伝導領域には,リエントリー回路の必須興奮伝導路である共通回路(common pathway),common pathwayから分岐し興奮が瘢痕組織によって行き止まりとなるdead-end pathway,およびcommon pathwayから分岐した興奮が瘢痕組織間を通り,再びcommon pathwayの入口へとつながるinner loopが存在する(Fig.3).この概念はその有用性が確認され,今日においても幅広く使用されている.
     Electro-anatomicalマッピングは,電極先端の空間的位置を,電磁波を用いて連続的に測定し,コンピュータ上に局所電位とともに電極位置を3D表示するものである.CARTOシステムなど3Dマッピング装置を使用すれば,心筋の瘢痕領域を低電位領域として描出し,頻拍回路も可視化されるようになった4).アブレーション施行時は,この回路を遮るように高周波通電を行うことで致死性不整脈の治療成績が向上している.  現在,カテーテルアブレーションは,器質的心疾患を伴う重症VTのICD植え込み後のショック作動抑制や予後改善には重要な治療法であり5),薬剤,ICDなどと組み合わせたハイブリッド治療の中心として考えられている.一方,カテーテルアブレーションが無効または施行不可能な場合は,手術治療の適応となる.VT手術には,マッピングを行わずに肉眼的に白色線維化と認められる心内膜を切除し凍結凝固する手術6)と,術前あるいは術中の電気生理学的検査所見に基づいてVTの発生起源あるいは興奮旋回路に対して手術を行うMap-guided手術がある7,8).
     本症例は,周術期心筋梗塞を合併した開心術後の遠隔期に,難治性VTを発症し,常温体外循環下にマッピングを行い,心外膜からのアブレーションによってVTを抑制し得た症例である.機械弁による二弁置換後のため経皮的に左室へアクセスすることが困難であり,またVTの心電図所見からは心外膜起源である可能性が高く,心外膜アブレーションの適応と考えた.機械弁による二弁置換後以外の理由で,心外膜アブレーションが適応となる場合としては,心外膜起源の不整脈,心内膜側アブレーションが不成功,左室内血栓の存在下でアブレーションが必要,などがあげられる9).
     開心術後の心外膜アブレーションの方法として,心窩部に小切開をおき心膜を切開後,癒着を鈍的に●離して心外膜への直視下アプローチを行う報告もある10).本症例では,鎮静レベルを浅くするとVTが出現する危険性があり,また人工呼吸管理が長期化することを回避したく,さらに術前の心エコーや心臓MRIなどの画像検査にて,心筋の瘢痕化組織が左室後側壁の僧帽弁輪に近接した部位にあることが予想されていたため,マッピングおよびアブレーションを行う上での良好な視野展開を優先し,侵襲は大きくなるものの最初から再胸骨正中切開および体外循環下でのアブレーションを選択した.
     本症例では,アブレーションによるVT停止後,VTの基質となり得る伝導路を治療するため,梗塞部位および梗塞と健常の境界にみえる部位について,凍結凝固を追加した.ただし,左室心内膜の観察はしていないため,凍結凝固が全層性か否かの確認を肉眼的に行うことはできなかった.  本症例は現時点で術後15カ月が経過しており,これまでVTの再発を一度も認めていないが,文献的には心外膜アブレーションを施行した218例において,平均17.3カ月のフォロー期間で31.4%が再発したと報告されており11),今後も注意深い経過観察が必要であると考えている.

    文   献
    1) Moss A, Hall W, Cannom D et al. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patient with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1933-40.
    2) Moss A, Schuger C, Beck C et al. Reduction in inappropriate therapy and mortality through ICD programming. N Engl J Med 2012;367:2275-83.
    3) Stevenson W, Khan H, Sager P et al. Identification of reentry circuit sites during catheter mapping and radiofrequency ablation of ventricular tachycardia late after nyocardial infarction. Circulation 1993;88:1647-70.
    4) Gapstein L, Hayam G, Ben-Haim S. A novel method for nonfluoroscopic catheter-based electroanatomical mapping of the heart. In vitro and in vivo accuracy results. Circulation 1997;95:1611-22.
    5) Reddy V, Reynolds M, Neuzil P et al. Prophylactic catheter ablation for the prevention of defibrillator therapy. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2657-65.
    6) Dor V, Sabatier M, Montiglio F et al. Results of nonguided subtotal endocardiectomy associated with left ventricular reconstruction in patients with ischemic ventricular arrhythmias. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994;107:1301-8.
    7) Bhavani S, Tchou P, Chung M et al. Intraoperative electro-anatomical mapping and beating heart ablation of ventricular tachycardia. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;82:1091-3.
    8) Nitta T, Kurita J, Murata H et al. Intraoperative electroanatomic mapping. Ann Thorac Surg 2012;93:1285-8.
    9) Soejima K. Shingaimaku abureshon no kanousei. Shinzou 2008;40:686-90.
    10) Soejima K, Nogami A, Sekiguchi Y et al. Epicardial catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in no entry left ventricule. Mechanical aortic and mitral valves. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2015;8:381-9.
    11) Bella P, Brugada J, Zeppenfeld K et al. Epicardial ablation for ventricular tachycardia. European multicenter study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2011;4:653-9.


  • A Experience of Surgical Treatment for Mid-Ventricular Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy with Apical Ventricular Aneurysm Y. Oga et al.…178
    A Experience of Surgical Treatment for Mid-Ventricular Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy with Apical Ventricular Aneurysm
    Yuki Oga* Mitsuaki Matsumoto* Reiko Kemmochi*

    (Tsuyama Chuo Hospital Cardiovascular Surgery*, Tsuyama, Japan)

    Mid-ventricular obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is rare and often complicated by apical ventricular aneurysm, which can cause life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. A 76-year-old male patient came to our hospital because of an electrocardiogram abnormality(giant T-wave inversion). Transthoracic echocardiography showed myocardial hypertrophy at the level of the papillary muscles, apical thinning, and aneurysm formation. The patient was diagnosed with mid-ventricular obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with apical ventricular aneurysm. During follow-up, the patient developed exertional dyspnea, and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia was noted on Holter monitoring. Therefore, we opted for surgical treatment. The patient was placed on cardiopulmonary bypass and treated with apical aneurysmectomy, followed by myectomy with a trans-apical approach. Postoperative echocardiography showed an increased left ventricular end-diastolic volume. The patient no longer had difficulty breathing and did not develop postoperative ventricular arrythmia. He has been uneventful six months after surgery. We considered surgical treatment was effective in treating arrhythmias and heart failure.

     

    Jpn. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 50:178-183(2021)

    Keywords:mid-ventricular obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy;apical ventricular aneurysm;ventricular arrhythmia


  • A Case of Cardiac Mobile Mass That Was Diagnosed as Detached Calcified Mitral Annulus T. Kubota et al.…184
    A Case of Cardiac Mobile Mass That Was Diagnosed as Detached Calcified Mitral Annulus
    Takehiro Kubota* Yasushige Shingu**

    (Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, NHO Hakodate National Hospital*, Hakodate, Japan, and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University**, Sapporo, Japan)

    The case was a 77-year-old woman with a history of coronary artery bypass surgery 9 years earlier. After the surgery, aortic stenosis appeared and gradually progressed. During follow-up, she presented with a high degree of mitral annular calcification(MAC). A mobile verrucous mass in the left ventricle attached to the calcified posterior mitral annulus. We replaced the aortic valve and resected the mass(size, 3×26mm). The mass with a club-shape was hard but fragile. Pathological examination revealed that it was a calcified substance without cell components covered with a thin membrane. Immunostainings with CD31 and Factor VIII-related antigen, a vascular endothelial cell marker, were both positive. Thus, the resected mass was diagnosed as a detached calcified mitral annulus. In order to avoid embolic events, early resection would be appropriate for an MAC-related mobile mass.

     

    Jpn. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 50:184-187(2021)

    Keywords:mitral annular calcification(MAC);cardiac mobile tumor


  • Improved Clinical Status Following Aortic Valve Replacement in Two Cases with Refractory Ascites Secondary to Aortic Stenosis and Insufficiency M. Fukuzumi et al.…188
    Improved Clinical Status Following Aortic Valve Replacement in Two Cases with Refractory Ascites Secondary to Aortic Stenosis and Insufficiency
    Masaomi Fukuzumi* Yuki Tadokoro* Yuta Tsuchida*
    Yuko Gatate* Tadamasa Miyauchi* Hiroshi Otake*
    Takeo Tedoriya*

    (Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ageo Central General Hospital*, Ageo, Japan)

    Ascites is a rare sign of aortic valve disease. Here, we report two cases of refractory ascites that had resulted from aortic stenosis and insufficiency and consequently improved after aortic valve replacement. The first case was a 44-year-old female who had undergone aortic valve repair for aortic stenosis 15 years earlier. She complained of dyspnea and severe abdominal distension due to unimproved massive ascites despite medical therapy. She was diagnosed with aortic stenosis and insufficiency and functional tricuspid insufficiency as well as complete atrioventricular block. She underwent mechanical aortic valve replacement, tricuspid annuloplasty and DDD pacemaker implantation. The second case was a 61-year-old man with a history of alcoholic liver disease who had been hospitalized for massive ascites, progressing rapidly in spite of aggressive medical therapy. Echocardiography revealed severe aortic stenosis and insufficiency;thus, he underwent bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement. Both patients were completely free from ascites about 6 months after surgery.

     

    Jpn. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 50:188-192(2021)

    Keywords:ascites;aortic stenosis and insufficiency;aortic valve replacement


  • [Aortic Disease]
  • A Mother-Son Case of Non-Marfan Syndrome with Acute Aortic Dissection on the Same Day H. Watanuki et al.…193
    A Mother-Son Case of Non-Marfan Syndrome with Acute Aortic Dissection on the Same Day
    Hirotaka Watanuki* Masaho Okada* Kayo Sugiyama*
    Yasuhiro Futamura* Katsuhiko Matsuyama*

    (Department of Cardiac Surgery, Aichi Medical University*, Nagakute, Japan)

    It is well known that Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by congenital abnormality of connective tissue, in which the associated prognosis is affected by aortic lesions, and in particular the onset of aortic dissection, with some reports of familial aortic dissection. Meanwhile, it has been reported that in the absence of genetic disorder, aortic dissection occurring in two or more individuals within a family is rare. We experienced a mother-son case of non-Marfan syndrome that developed aortic dissection on the same day, and thus report our findings. Case 1(son)was a 32-year-old man with no particular medical history observed. He had experienced epigastric pain in the early morning and come to the emergency room in our hospital, where contrast-enhanced computed tomography(CT)led to diagnosis of acute aortic dissection(Stanford type B). He was admitted to the intensive care unit, and received treatment by anti-hypertensive therapy. Case 2(mother)was a 61-year-old woman who was prescribed internal medicines for hypertension. She had been informed that her son was hospitalized for aortic dissection, and had visited the hospital to see him. While visiting her son in the hospital room, she developed sudden chest pain and remarkable cold sweats, and upon undergoing contrast-enhanced CT, she was diagnosed with acute aortic dissection(Stanford type A). Then emergency hemiarch replacement was performed. In the family tree, there were some cases of cerebrovascular disease found on the mother’s side. Pathology findings of the aorta for the mother revealed cystic medial necrosis and genetic screening subsequently performed revealed TGFBR2 mutation. Both subjects exhibited good progress, with the son discharged from hospital after three weeks, and the mother discharged 14 days after surgery.

     

    Jpn. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 50:193-196(2021)

    Keywords:acute aortic dissection;connective tissue disease;familial aortic dissection


  • A Case of Hemolytic Anemia Caused by a Kinked Graft after Total Arch Replacement and Staged TEVAR for Acute Aortic Dissection N. Saito et al.…197
    A Case of Hemolytic Anemia Caused by a Kinked Graft after Total Arch Replacement and Staged TEVAR for Acute Aortic Dissection
    Naoki Saito* Satoru Nishida* Yuji Nishida*

    (Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fukui Prefectural Hospital*, Fukui, Japan)

    A man in his fifties was diagnosed with retrograde type A acute aortic dissection. He underwent total arch replacement using the Gelweave Lupiae graft and staged thoracic endovascular aortic repair. Five days after discharge from the hospital, he was referred to our institution because of severe hemolytic anemia. Electrocardiography-gated computed tomography angiography demonstrated significant kinking of the graft adjacent to the proximal anastomotic site. Cine cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed that graft kinking deteriorated during systole. We concluded that his hemolytic anemia was caused by graft kinking and surgical repair was required. The graft was transected at the kinking site and then reconstructed. After surgical repair, the hemolytic anemia improved immediately.

     

    Jpn. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 50:197-200(2021)

    Keywords:hemolytic anemia;kinked graft;acute aortic dissection


  • Aortic Root and Pulmonary Artery Reconstruction in a Patient with Pulmonary Artery Intimal Sarcoma R. Ueda et al.…201
    Aortic Root and Pulmonary Artery Reconstruction in a Patient with Pulmonary Artery Intimal Sarcoma
    Ryoma Ueda* Hideo Kanemitsu* Makoto Takehara*
    Kazuhisa Sakamoto* Yujiro Ide* Kazuhiro Yamazaki*
    Kouji Ueyama* Tadashi Ikeda* Kenji Minatoya*

    (Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital*, Kyoto, Japan)

    A 52-year old woman was referred to our hospital because of abdominal pain and restlessness. A chest contrast-enhanced CT showed huge pericardial effusion and intraluminal defects in the main pulmonary artery. We could not make a diagnosis based on the cytology of the pericardial effusion and histopathology of the mass with a sample taken by a catheter. Therefore, we undertook biopsies of the mass by median sternotomy, which led to the diagnosis of pulmonary intimal sarcoma. The tumor resection was performed to release the right ventricular outflow stenosis. We tried to resect the tumor as much as possible, and reconstructed the pulmonary artery and aortic root. She was discharged to home and survived 5 months after surgery.

     

    Jpn. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 50:201-206(2021)

    Keywords:pulmonary artery;angiosarcoma;Bentall procedure


  • [Peripheral Artery Disease]
  • Adventitial Cystic Disease of the Common Femoral Vein:Report of a Case K. Matsuzaki et al.…207
    Adventitial Cystic Disease of the Common Femoral Vein:Report of a Case
    Kenji Matsuzaki* Ko Takigami* Hiroshi Matsuura*

    (Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, NTT Higashi-Nihon Sapporo Hospital*, Sapporo, Japan)

    A 68-year-old man suffered a pain in his right groin and was diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis at a previous medical clinic, two months earlier. He was referred to our hospital to treat deep vein thrombosis. However, adventitial cystic disease of the femoral vein was suspected from findings of preoperative contrast CT and ultrasonography. Under general anesthesia, the operation was performed. The venous wall was resected including an adventitial cyst, which was followed by the venous reconstruction using an autologous vein patch. Anticoagulant therapy was continued after the operation for one year. He was followed for 18 months after the surgery without a recurrence of the adventitial cystic disease. Venous adventitial cystic disease is extremely rare and may be misdiagnosed as deep vein thrombosis. Careful follow-up is mandatory, because the postoperative recurrence rate is reported to be substantially high.

     

    Jpn. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 50:207-209(2021)

    Keywords:adventitial cystic disease;femoral vein;deep vein thrombosis


  • Emergent Thrombectomy for a Patient with Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19) M. Sogawa et al.…210
    Emergent Thrombectomy for a Patient with Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)
    Masakazu Sogawa* Tetsu Moriyama**

    (Department of Cardiovascular Surgery*, and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine**, Moriyama Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan)

    A 76-year-old man presented with right leg numbness and general fatigue. The patient had no respiratory symptoms and negative PCR of COVID-19, but the lungs on CT scan revealed highly suspected COVID-19. The CT scan also showed occlusion from the right external iliac artery through below-knee arteries. Our surgical staff had personal protective equipment with powered air-purifying respirators and performed emergent surgical thrombectomy with the Fogarty balloon catheter. A few days after the operation, we found that the patient’s antibody for COVID-19 was positive. The patient received anticoagulation and the postoperative course was uneventful. It is desirable to have more novel and precise knowledge of thrombosis in patients with COVID-19.

     

    Jpn. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 50:210-213(2021)

    Keywords:COVID-19;infection prevention;acute arterial occlusion


NP(Nurse Practitioner) Report

  • T. Abiko et al.…214
Progress in Cardiovascular Surgery(2020)
  • Progress in Heart Failure Treatment S. Fukushima et al.…217
  • Current Overview of the 2020 Thoracic Aortic Surgery in Japan A. Omura…220
U-40
  • U-40 Column Remote Simulator-based Surgical Training Is Now Available K. Takahashi et al.…U1
Editor’s Post Script
  • Y. Hiramatsu